Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA (JPMIPA) [ISSN: 2685-5488 (Online); 1411-2531 (Print)] is a peer-reviewed scientific journal that focused on mathematics education, science education, and the use of technology in the educational field. In more detail, the scope of interest are, but not limited to: STEM/STEAM Education Environmental and Sustainability Education, Scientific Literacy, Computer-Based Education and Digital Competence, Higher Order Thinking Skills, Multicultural and Inclusive Education, Attitude towards Mathematics and Science Learning, Models, Methods, Strategies of Math & Science Learning, Virtual and Blended Learning, Math and Science Teacher Education, etc. JPMIPA is published quarterly (March, June, September, and December) by the Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Lampung. DOI: http://doi.org/10.23960/jpmipa The journal has been ACCREDITED at Grade 2 (SINTA 2) based on the Decree of the Director General of Research and Development, The Ministry of Research, Technology, and Higher Education No. 72/E/KPT/2024.
Jurnal Pendidikan MIPA is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.
The Impact of Mathematics Anxiety and Self-Efficacy Towards Prospective Mathematics Teachers’ Performance
Mathematics anxiety is one of the serious emotional aspects that may impair the academic performance and interest in mathematics in students. This paper presents a study of the correlation between mathematics anxiety, mathematics self-efficacy, and mathematics performance among 150 future mathematics teachers in Indonesia, who were identified through purposive sampling of an undergraduate teacher education program. The Mathematics Anxiety Rating Scale- Revised (MARS-R), Mathematics Self-Efficacy Scale- Revised (MSES-R), and a self-developed Mathematics Achievement Test (MAT) were used to collect data. Pearson correlation and multiple regression were used to address the relationship and the predictive attributes of these variables. Descriptive analysis indicated that participants had moderately high mathematics anxiety (M = 82.4, SD = 15.2), moderately high self-efficacy (M = 72.8, SD = 12.5), and good performance (M = 78.3, SD = 10.7). Pearson correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between mathematics anxiety and performance (r = -0.62, p < 0.001). In contrast, self-efficacy had a positive correlation with performance (r = 0.6). Regression analysis showed that both anxiety (β = -0.45, p < 0.001) and self-efficacy (β = 0.49, p < 0.001) were significant predictors. The results of the multiple regressions showed that the model was significant, F(2, 147) = 68.24, p < 0.001, and accounted for 55.7% of the variance in performance (R² = 0.557). Anxiety (B =-0.45) and self-efficacy (B =0.49) were both significant predictors of performance (B = -0.45, t = -7.62 p = 0.001) and self-efficacy (B = 0.49, t = 8.15, p = 0.001) turned out to be the stronger predictors. The practical implications of these findings are most significant, as strategies aimed at diminishing mathematics anxiety and enhancing self-efficacy should be the primary focus of mathematics teacher education programs, as these aspects directly relate to the competency and confidence of future teachers in teaching mathematics. Keywords: mathematics anxiety, self-efficacy, academic performance, future mathematics teachers, mathematical confidence, mathematical teacher education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Liza Puspita Yanti https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of Mathematical Literacy Problems Based on the Ethnomathematics of Acehnese Culture
This study aims to develop mathematical literacy problems based on the ethnomathematics of Acehnese culture. This study is motivated by the lack of resources relevant to local culture, which has hindered Acehnese mathematics teachers from implementing ethnomathematics in their classrooms. Ethnomathematics is regarded as an effective approach to enhance students’ mathematical literacy. Moreover, the integration of culture into mathematics learning has also become part of a government program in response to the low mathematical literacy performance of Indonesian students in the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA). This developmental research employed the Thiagarajan Four-D model, comprising Define, Design, Development, and Disseminate. However, this study focused only on the first three phases. The define phase entails a systematic needs analysis encompassing curriculum, student characteristics, and conceptual aspects. The design phase produces a preliminary prototype of mathematical literacy problems contextualized in Acehnese culture. The develop phase involves expert validation and iterative evaluation through one-to-one evaluations, small-group trials, and classroom field testing, with revisions incorporated to enhance validity, reliability, and pedagogical relevance. This study involved 41 students from a senior high school in Aceh and five validators. Data were gathered from validation and practicality questionnaires, interviews, and tests. Data were then analyzed descriptively. The result revealed that 19 out of 20 problems were valid. The problems were also considered practical and potentially effective for implementation in mathematics classrooms. The development of these problems provides a useful resource for mathematics teachers in Aceh. The study result suggests that ethnomathematics problems are beneficial in improving students’ mathematical literacy. The value of culture embedded in the mathematical problems raises students’ awareness and understanding of their local culture. These findings suggest that integrating local culture into mathematics instruction can help teachers design meaningful learning experiences that enhance both mathematical understanding and cultural awareness. Keywords: acehnese culture, developmental research, ethnomathematics, mathematical literacy problem, mathematics learning.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suci Maulina, Muhammad Isa, Rahil Helmi, Novia Riski, Eka Safitri https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
AR-Math: Augmented Reality–Based Assistive Learning for Enhancing Numeracy Skills Among Students with Intellectual Disabilities
Numerical ability is essential for all students, particularly for those with intellectual disabilities who often face challenges in understanding basic mathematical concepts. This study aims to develop AR-Math, an Augmented Reality (AR)-based learning media designed to improve basic numeracy skills through an inclusive and gender-responsive approach. The development process followed the ADDIE model, which includes five stages: Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation. This study employed a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group design. In this design, there were two groups, namely the experimental class and the control class. The experimental class used AR-Math as the main learning medium, while the control class continued learning with conventional methods. Data were collected using multiple instruments, including validation sheets, practicality questionnaires, pretests and posttests, classroom observation sheets, interview guides, and documentation. The sample consisted of 20 eighth-grade students with mild to moderate intellectual disabilities at SKh YKDW 01 Tangerang, divided into two groups. The results showed that AR-Math met the criteria of validity, practicality, and effectiveness. The effectiveness test revealed a significant improvement in students’ basic numeracy skills, as indicated by a n-gain score of 0.50 and categorized as medium. Beyond cognitive achievement, AR-Math enhanced student engagement, accessibility, and ease of use for students with special needs. A key finding pertains to inclusivity and gender responsiveness. Equal participation between male and female students was observed, as evidenced by comparable levels of interaction, motivation, and task completion during the learning process. This indicates that AR-Math not only strengthens basic numeracy skills but also provides fair opportunities for all learners. Thus, AR-Math can be considered a relevant and innovative tool for inclusive education, supporting both academic development and gender equity in classroom practice. Keywords: assistive, numerical, learning, intellectual, disabilities, augmented reality.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ferawati Ferawati, Fiqih Hana Saputri, Rina Hidayati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Microteaching Frequency and the Development of Teaching Skills and Pedagogical Content Knowledge among Prospective Mathematics Teachers
The teaching skills developed by prospective teachers are often repeated in different situations. Therefore, the optimal frequency of microteaching practices may influence both teaching skills and pedagogical content knowledge. This study used a cross-sectional design to compare teaching skills and pedagogical content knowledge among groups based on the frequency of microteaching practices conducted by prospective mathematics teachers. A total of 79 students were randomly selected from three universities in Yogyakarta that implemented microteaching with varying frequencies. These frequencies were classified into four categories: once, twice, three times, and more than three times. Teaching skills were assessed using observation sheets that outlined aspects such as explaining skills, asking questions, providing guidance, providing reinforcement, managing whiteboard use, and regulating body movement (non-verbal cues). Pedagogical content knowledge was measured using a test instrument. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a one-way ANOVA test. The results showed that the frequency of practice has a different impact on teaching skills and pedagogical content knowledge. Prospective teachers who practiced microteaching more than three times significantly differed in their explaining skills, while their providing reinforcement differed significantly from those who practiced at least three times. Conversely, prospective teachers who practiced twice performed similar levels of skill in asking questions, whiteboard management, and regulating body movement compared to those who practiced more frequently. Pedagogical content knowledge of prospective teachers who practiced more than three times was significantly higher than that of those who practiced three or fewer times. These findings suggest that universities should carefully regulate the frequency of microteaching practices to optimize students' teaching skills and pedagogical content knowledge in mathematics education for those who aspire to become effective mathematics teachers. These findings suggest that universities should carefully regulate the frequency of microteaching practices to optimize students' teaching skills and pedagogical content knowledge in mathematics education students who aspire to become effective mathematics teachers. Keywords: teaching skills, microteaching, mathematics.
Copyright (c) 2025 Raden Rosnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Integrating Local Wisdom into Numeracy Literacy: An Analysis of Students’ Competence in the Number Domain in Sigi Regency, Indonesia
Numeracy literacy is one of the basic competencies that support students' success in academic and social life. This study aims to analyze the numeracy literacy skills of junior high school students in Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi Province, Indonesia, particularly in the domain of numbers, based on local wisdom such as the traditional Souraja buildings and agricultural practices of the residents of Sigi Regency. The sample comprised 120 eighth-grade students from six public junior high schools in Sigi Regency, representing diverse geographical characteristics (mountainous, rural, and urban) and varying educational performance levels. They were selected through purposive sampling and the mixed methods approach with an Explanatory Sequential Design as the research methodology. Data were collected using a numeracy literacy test developed using the AKM framework and numeracy competence indicators from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Research, and Technology (2023). The results showed that only 10% of pupils reached the "Proficient" level. Most of them (65%) are in the ‘Basic’ or ‘Requiring Special Intervention’ group. This decline in results is due to traditional teaching methods that fail to connect the material to the students' local environment. Teaching math has not fully utilized local knowledge, such as how to do business in traditional markets and how to farm. These results indicate the need to revise the approach to teaching mathematics in schools, with an emphasis on integrating local knowledge into learning, namely, developing teaching methods that link mathematical concepts to students' daily lives, so that they are more relevant and engaging for students. In addition, this locally-based approach is expected to improve students' numeracy understanding and skills, especially for those who are still at a basic level or need special intervention. The development of a more contextual curriculum based on students' real experiences can also enrich the learning process and encourage significant improvement in academic outcomes. Keywords: numeracy literacy, number domain, local wisdom of sigi.
Copyright (c) 2025 Hajerina Hajerina, Mery Napitupulu, Rita Lefrida https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Adversity Quotient as a Predictor of Creative Thinking Skills in Solving Algebraic Problems among Junior High School Students
This study emphasizes the importance of creative thinking skills as a key 21st-century student competency. Observations at a junior high school in Malang City revealed that 68% of 31 students could not solve simple algebra problems. This inability could be caused by several factors, one of which is low creative thinking skills. There is still limited research on creative thinking skills. Therefore, this study aimed to assess pupils’ original ideas and abilities in algebra questions based on AQ (Adversity Quotient) categories. In this qualitative descriptive research, 33 students were selected based on various AQ categories. The AQ data were collected through a questionnaire and categorized as follows: 11 students in the Climbers category, 17 in the Campers category, and five in the Quitters category. Three subjects were selected based on the highest scores in each category: AQ, representative, and communicative. The subjects were further analyzed using a creativity component test (fluency, flexibility, and originality). The data collection methods in this investigation were the AQ questionnaire, a creative thinking ability test, and semi-structured interviews. The interviews aimed to gather more in-depth information about students’ thought processes while solving algebra problems. The study’s results indicate that the majority of students are in the Campers category (51.51%), followed by Climbers (33.33%) and Quitters (15.15%). Students with AQ Climbers profiles meet the fluency, flexibility, and originality criteria. Students with AQ Campers appear confident, but their solutions did not meet the fluency component (fulfilling the components of flexibility and originality). Meanwhile, pupils who are AQ Quitters cannot meet the requirements for creative thinking. The conclusion of this study is that the higher the level of resilience (AQ) of students, the higher their ability to think creatively and solve mathematical problems fluently, flexibly, and originally. This research can inspire teachers to use the open-ended problem-solving method by considering students’ AQ levels, helping students enhance their creative thinking skills. Keywords: adversity quotient, creative thinking skills, algebra.
Copyright (c) 2025 Sri Hariyani, Sriyanti Mustafa, Muzirah Musa https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Statistical Literacy Using ChatGPT-Assisted E-Worksheets: A Differentiated Learning Approach Based on Adversity Quotient
Enhancing Statistical Literacy Using ChatGPT-Assisted E-Worksheets: A Differentiated Learning Approach Based on Adversity Quotient. Objective: The research aims to develop an innovative, ChatGPT-assisted e-worksheet in differentiated learning that meets valid, practical, and effective criteria to enhance students' statistical literacy skills. Methods: The study involved 98 grade VII junior high school students. The research and development method adopted the 4D design, consisting of define, design, develop, and disseminate stages. Data were collected by interviews, observations, questionnaires, and statistical literacy tests. Data analysis employed descriptive statistics and inferential tests, including mean values, normality tests, homogeneity tests, and ANCOVA tests. The learning design includes experimental and control classes. Both classes were taken using a simple random sampling technique. Findings: The results indicated that the ChatGPT-assisted e-worksheet met the standards of validity and practicality. The validity experts obtained a validity score of 94.27%, which falls within the valid category, and the practicality test achieved a score of 84.21%, which is categorized as practical. In addition, the e-worksheet product ChatGPT is effective in improving statistical literacy skills. The results of the statistical literacy ability test met the normality and homogeneity criteria, and the ANCOVA test showed a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, indicating a statistically significant effect. The results confirm that the experimental class achieved higher statistical literacy scores than the control class. Conclusion: The e-worksheet product effectively improved learning achievement, particularly in literacy and statistics skills. The e-worksheet was developed according to the learning needs of students, specifically those with the adversity quotient (AQ) type. Each type of AQ climber, camper, and quitter has a different worksheet, making it easier for students to learn. The AQ differentiated approach resulted in a significant increase in literacy scores. ChatGPT-assisted e-worksheet could be applied in statistical learning as an educational technology innovation that enhances student achievement. The learning atmosphere becomes more fun and meaningful for students. Keywords: chatgpt, differentiated learning, e-worksheet, statistical literacy skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Ratna Fertikawati, Gunawan Gunawan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Developing Interactive Game-Based Learning Media to Enhance Conceptual Understanding of the Human Digestive System in Elementary Education
This study aims to develop interactive game-based learning media on the human digestive system for elementary school students and to test the validity, practicality, and potential effectiveness of the media. The development model used is the Rowntree model, which consists of three main stages: planning, development, and evaluation. This model emphasizes systematic and structured media development to ensure effective learning. Formative evaluation is conducted using the Tessmer model, which includes one-to-one and small-group trials. The media's validity was assessed by media, content, and language experts, while its practicality was tested through one-to-one and small group evaluations. Potential effectiveness of the media was measured through field testing by comparing pre-test and post-test scores. The media's validity was assessed using percentage scores of 97.7%, 87.61%, and 94.81% from media, content, and language experts, with an overall average of 93.41%, which is categorized as very valid. The practicality aspect received a score of 88.55%, indicating it is highly practical. The field test results showed an average post-test score of 85.11 and an N-Gain of 0.72, both of which are considered high. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the interactive game-based learning media has high validity, practicality, and effectiveness. This media contributes explicitly to Science and Social Studies learning through an innovative gamification approach, distinguishing it from previous studies. The use of this media not only enhances students' understanding of the human digestive system but also introduces a fun and interactive learning method, providing a new learning experience for elementary school students. The novelty of this study lies in the gamification design developed to facilitate an understanding of abstract concepts related to the human digestive system, in accordance with cognitive learning theory. This design integrates visual and audio elements to support dual coding. Additionally, this media is also designed for offline use. Keywords: development, learning media, interactive educational game, elementary school, human digestive system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mutiara Mutiara, Erna Retna Safitri, Makmum Raharjo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Enhancing Mathematical Connection Ability through Scratch-Assisted Problem-Based Learning: A Mixed-Methods Study in Exponent Topics
This study aims to investigate the role of Scratch multimedia in enhancing junior high school students' mathematical connection skills related to the topic of exponents. This study employed a mixed-methods design, integrating quantitative and qualitative approaches, with 25 ninth-grade students as participants. Six students were purposively selected for in-depth interviews. Quantitative data were collected through pre-tests and post-tests and analyzed using paired-samples t-tests. In contrast, qualitative data were obtained from observation and interview results, and were analyzed thematically to identify the main themes during the learning process. Quantitatively, the study's results showed a significant increase in each indicator of mathematical connection skills. The indicator of connections between mathematical ideas (M post-test = 78.40, M pre-test = 45.20, t(24) = 7.43, p = 0.002) with an N-Gain value of 61% showed a fairly good increase. The connection indicator between mathematical representations (M post-test = 93.32, M pre-test = 58.40, t(24) = 4.89, p < 0.001) with an N-Gain value of 84% demonstrated a significant improvement. The connection indicator of mathematics with real-life problems (M post-test = 74.40, M pre-test = 24.20, t(24) = 6.18, p < 0.001) showed a significant improvement, with an N-Gain value of 61%, indicating a strong connection. Qualitatively, the study's results revealed three main themes: the use of Scratch multimedia in exponential learning enhances students' understanding of the material, creates a fun learning experience, and strengthens understanding through games. This study shows a positive impact of Scratch multimedia on improving students' mathematical connection abilities. Future research can utilize longitudinal studies to determine whether learning improvements are sustained in the long term. Keywords: mathematical connection, mathematics learning, scratch multimedia.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurul Fadilah Annisa, Eyus Sudihartinih, Dian Usdiyana https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development and Validation of ADI-STEM-Based Biotechnology e-Liveworksheets to Enhance Student Argumentation Skills
Development and Validation of ADI-STEM-Based Biotechnology e-Liveworksheets to Enhance Student Argumentation Skills. Objectives: Despite its enormous potential, ADI-STEM-based electronic worksheets are still rarely used. In the face of the challenge of integrating STEM, ADI-based worksheets should be centered on authentic engineering issues. Designing real-world, challenging, yet still solvable problems for students with digital tools (Technology & Math) and relevant Science concepts. The purpose of this study is to fill this gap by developing and validating a reliable teaching material called the ADI-STEM-Based Biotechnology e-Liveworksheets (ASBL), which is intended to train the argumentation skills of Indonesian junior high school students. Methods: The research employed a development method using the Thiagarajan 4-D model, which includes the stages of Define, Design, and Develop, without the Disseminate stage. The ASBL underwent rigorous validation by experts and field testing in junior high school students in Indonesia. The Sampson & Clark framework is used to measure students' argumentative skills. Two biology education experts reviewed the content to ensure its validity. Two media experts reviewed the content to ensure its validity, and a senior teacher assessed the feasibility and practicality of ASBL. Researchers got real-world data for descriptive-quantitative analysis from 30 9th-grade students at a junior high school in Lampung, Indonesia. This data demonstrates the practicality of teaching materials, as evidenced by the increase in the average value of argumentation skills between before and after learning, as well as the responses of educators and students to the learning process. Data were collected using validated questionnaires and written tests. Findings: The results of the study showed that the ASBL was stated as very high validity (93%) by material experts, high validity (87%) by media experts, very practical to uses in learning by students (98%), with in improving students’ argumentation skills with N-gain in the high cateogry of claim (0,82), evidence (0,78), and reasoning (0,79). The majority of students (over 85%) found ASBL easy to use, engaging, and helpful in guiding their learning process. Teachers reported that the platform enabled efficient progress tracking and assessment of students’ argument construction at each learning phase. Conclusion: This research develops valuable and valid teaching materials to train students' argumentation skills. As a teaching material that aligns with the Independent Curriculum, ASBL is quite useful for Indonesian teachers. This encourages a shift from memorizing things by rote to understanding them more deeply and learning how to conduct science. Future research could explore scaling this model across different science topics, educational levels, or through longitudinal studies to assess retention and transfer of argumentation skills. Keywords: biotechnology, liveworksheets, argumentation, argument-driven inquiry, STEM.
Copyright (c) 2025 Neni Hasnunidah, Noor Fadiawati, Kartini Herlina, Pramita Sylvia Dewi https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Thinking About Thinking in Physics: A Systematic Review on Metacognitive Approaches for Secondary Students
This review examines the literature on metacognitive strategies implemented in high school physics from 2021 to 2025, using Schraw's control framework, which encompasses planning, monitoring, and evaluation. The goal is to identify structural weaknesses that hinder overall theoretical progress and practical application in the classroom. Using PRISMA principles, an article search in ERIC yielded 244 documents, 22 of which were Scopus-indexed studies that met the criteria. We outline study designs, evaluation instruments, types of interventions, participants, and study objectives. A thematic synthesis addressed three guiding questions: (1) which instructional strategies contribute to metacognitive growth, (2) which evaluative instruments were used, and (3) what implementation conditions and challenges exist. Four main intervention categories were identified. Cognitive-reflective strategies foster self-awareness and introspection. Various inquiry methods combine metacognitive control with scientific investigation. Tools that aid visualization and representation of concepts, particularly simulations and concept maps, are key to organizing and maintaining coherent information. Gender-sensitive sociocultural and affective strategies foster motivation and inclusivity. All studies reported that these interventions had positive impacts on problem-solving, self-efficacy, and conceptual understanding. However, based on Schraw's hypothesis, this review identified planning as the most underdeveloped and neglected aspect of metacognitive regulation. Most studies relied heavily on self-reporting, leaving limited opportunities for task-embedded or multimodal assessments. Most designs were quasi-experimental or survey-based, and very few included mixed-methods or technology-mediated assessments. This research suggests combining structured insights, including goal setting, preemptive questioning, and activity design, with authentic assessments such as portfolios and think-aloud rubrics. Using these approaches within an equity-centered and culturally responsive pedagogy can foster active and self-directed learning in physics. Future research should aim to expand planning elements, diversify assessment techniques, and use educational technology to enhance and simplify metacognitive instruction in instructional design. Keywords: metacognition, physics education, high school students, systematic literature review, thinking awareness.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dewi Kurniaty https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Uncovering Key Educational Predictors of GPA in Mathematics Education Undergraduates: A Decision Tree Classification Study
Student academic achievement in the form of Grade Point Average (GPA) is one of the measures to assess the quality of learning. Not only are individual cognitive factors a determinant of students' high GPAs, but other non-cognitive factors can affect GPA achievement. Therefore, this study aims to examine the factors that influence academic achievement, as measured by GPA. This study was a descriptive quantitative study involving 63 mathematics education student respondents, to identify the factors that influence the GPA achievement of students in the mathematics education study program. The data was analyzed descriptively and tested using a decision tree. Based on the decision tree algorithm, the results showed that learning methods were the dominant factor in classifying student GPA achievements, specifically whether the GPA of 3.50 or higher or less than 3.50. Students with a GPA of 3.50 or higher tend to benefit positively from discussion-based learning methods, while those with a GPA of less than 3.50 tend to engage more with traditional learning approaches. In addition to learning methods, factors such as the reason for choosing the study program, parents’ educational background, and the duration of independent study time also contribute to strengthening or weakening students’ GPA achievements. In the model evaluation results, the decision tree algorithm showed good predictive performance, demonstrating its effectiveness in classifying students based on their GPA achievement levels. Therefore, the results of this study can serve as a reference for educators and educational institutions to design more effective pedagogical strategies that not only strengthen cognitive skills but also foster the holistic development of students in mathematics education programs. Keywords: classification, decision tree, grade point average, mathematics education.
Copyright (c) 2025 Riki Andriatna, Dadan Dasari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Development of E-Comic-Based Teaching Module to Enhance Students’ Mathematical Argumentation Skills
This study aims to develop an e-comic-based teaching module to enhance students’ mathematical argumentation skills on the topic of Systems of Linear Equations in Two Variables (SPLDV), referring to the Toulmin Argumentation Framework (data, claim, warrant, backing, rebuttal, and qualifier). The study employed a Research and Development (R&D) design using the ADDIE development model. It was conducted at one of the public junior high schools in Jombang, East Java, Indonesia, involving 25 students and two teachers as respondents. The research instruments included expert validation sheets, questionnaires for teachers and students, and a mathematical argumentation skills test developed based on the elements of the Toulmin framework. The effectiveness was evaluated using a one-group pretest–posttest approach, in which all participants were given mathematical argumentation tests before and after learning with the e-comic module. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test with SPSS to determine significant differences between the pre-test and post-test results. The expert validation results showed that the e-comic-based module obtained an average score of 94.23%, categorized as very valid, indicating strong content alignment, instructional design quality, and classroom applicability. The practicality test revealed that teacher responses averaged 94% and student responses 82%, both categorized as very practical, demonstrating that the module is easy to use, engaging, and relevant to students’ learning needs. The effectiveness test yielded a significance value of 0.000 (< 0.05), which reflects the module’s potential to enhance students’ mathematical argumentation skills. Pedagogically, the integration of the Toulmin framework in the e-comic context effectively helps students construct logical, structured, and evidence-based mathematical arguments through contextual narrative visualization. This approach also enhances students’ motivation, engagement, and reflective thinking during the learning process. Therefore, the developed e-comic-based teaching module is valid, practical, and effective in improving students’ mathematical argumentation skills and in supporting active, reflective, and meaningful mathematics learning. Keywords: teaching module, digital technology, e-comic, mathematical argumentation skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Laili Nur Azizah, Lia Budi Tristanti, Jauharan Dian Nurul Iffah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Exploring STEM Attitudes in Indonesian Elementary Students: A Comparative Analysis of Gender and Grade Level
Amidst the rapid development of science and technology, STEM learning has become an essential approach to preparing the younger generation with 21st-century skills. However, in Indonesia, interest and positive attitudes toward STEM subjects at the elementary level remain limited. Objective: This study aims to examine students’ attitudes toward STEM and identify possible differences by gender and grade level among fourth and fifth-grade students in an elementary school in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Methods: A quantitative cross-sectional comparative design was employed, involving 314 students with 167 males (53.18%) and 147 females (46.81%). Data were collected using the STEM Attitude Scale for upper elementary students, developed by Unfried, with internal reliability coefficients ranging from α = 0.83 to α = 0.87. The data were analysed using normality and homogeneity tests, independent-samples t-tests, and effect size calculations (Cohen’s d). Focus group interviews were also conducted to complement the quantitative data. Findings: The results showed students’ attitudes toward STEM are positive. Moreover, it was found that there are no significant differences in overall STEM attitudes by gender or grade level. Although no statistically significant difference was observed, a small-to-medium effect (d = 0.30) in the science aspect suggested that younger students tended to express slightly higher enthusiasm for science-related learning. Furthermore, findings from the interviews indicate that students’ attitudes toward STEM influence their perceptions of their desired future careers or professions. Overall, the findings of this study are largely consistent with those of previous studies. Conclusion: The findings suggest that gender and grade-level differences in STEM attitudes among elementary students are minimal, indicating that early, inclusive, and hands-on STEM education may effectively promote equal engagement and interest across these groups. This study is limited by the small sample size, limited variables, and quantitative approach; therefore, future research should involve more schools and explore how STEM attitudes relate to students’ interest in STEM careers. Keywords: STEM education, attitude, gender, grade level.
Copyright (c) 2025 Fitria Wulandari, Lilik Binti Mirnawati https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Newman’s Error Analysis of Trigonometry: Critical Thinking Perspective
Trigonometry is a fundamental topic in secondary mathematics, yet many students still experience difficulties that lead to various errors. This study applies Newman's Error Analysis (NEA) to analyze trigonometry errors and qualitatively link each error stage to critical thinking indicators. The findings show that fewer Newman’s errors correspond to stronger critical thinking performance, as S1 made minimal errors across all stages and correctly answered nearly all items aligned with critical thinking indicators. Participants were 29 grade XII students from a senior high school in Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia, selected purposively. The study employed a descriptive, qualitative design, supported by quantitative item analysis. Critical thinking skills were assessed through five open-ended trigonometry questions, aligned with reasoning, inference, clarification, and problem-solving indicators, and validated by experts for content and construct accuracy. Semi-structured interviews involved three students representing high, medium, and low ability levels. The interviews revealed that high-achieving students mainly struggled to express conclusions, while medium- and low-achieving students had broader difficulties in applying concepts and reasoning. The most frequent errors occurred in encoding (up to 100%), followed by process skills (82.7%–96.5%), moderate transformation (≤96.5%), comprehension (34.5%–100%), and fewer reading errors (86.2%). The findings indicate that NEA is effective in diagnosing students’ specific cognitive barriers and mapping their weaknesses in critical thinking. The findings show that each of Newman’s stages corresponds to critical thinking weaknesses, with reading and comprehension exhibiting weak clarification, transformation showing weak inference, process skills demonstrating weak reasoning and logical evaluation, and encoding displaying poor evaluation and difficulty in expressing conclusions. The study concludes that mathematics instruction should focus on strengthening process skills and training students in clear mathematical communication to minimize encoding errors. It also recommends integrating visual or manipulative learning media that address these errors, as many process and encoding mistakes stem from students’ difficulty visualizing angle–side relationships in trigonometric problems. Keywords: newman’s error analysis, critical thinking, trigonometry, student errors.
Copyright (c) 2025 Dadan Ramadhan https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Synergistic Effects of Problem-Based Learning and VAK Learning Styles on Critical Thinking and Self-Efficacy in High School Chemistry
This study investigated the impact of learning styles and learning models on students’ critical thinking skills and self-efficacy in chemistry, with a focus on atomic structure and fundamental chemical laws. The research design employed was a quasi-experimental 2×3 factorial design with 108 tenth-grade high school students. The independent variables were the learning model (Problem-Based Learning/PBL and direct instruction) and learning styles (visual, auditory, kinesthetic). In contrast, the dependent variables were critical thinking skills and self-efficacy. Data were collected using the VAK learning style inventory, a validated critical thinking test, and a self-efficacy questionnaire. Data analysis employed two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey HSD post hoc tests. The results revealed that both learning models and learning styles significantly impacted students’ critical thinking skills. Students with kinesthetic learning styles performed better in critical thinking than those with visual or auditory learning styles. However, learning styles did not significantly influence self-efficacy, suggesting that students’ confidence is more strongly shaped by mastery experiences, positive feedback, and social support. The PBL model significantly enhanced both critical thinking skills and self-efficacy, highlighting the value of collaborative and contextual learning activities in developing higher-order thinking and motivation. A significant interaction was observed between learning styles and learning models, with a notable benefit for visual and kinesthetic learners in terms of self-efficacy. This study acknowledges the fundamental limitation of the VAK framework, as empirical evidence for its validity remains weak; hence, interpretations should be made cautiously. Theoretically, the findings support Bandura’s social cognitive theory, which emphasizes that self-efficacy and learning outcomes are shaped through active engagement and authentic experiences. Practically, this study suggests designing adaptive PBL approaches aligned with learners’ diverse characteristics to optimize both motivation and confidence in chemistry learning. Keywords: learning styles, problem-based learning (PBL), critical thinking skills, self-efficacy.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nurfatimah Sugrah, Linda Kurnia Mustafa, Khusna Arif Rakhman, Nurul Inayah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Accommodating Diverse Learning Styles in Undergraduate Chemistry: A Mixed-Methods Study on Differentiated Interactive Learning Materials
This study investigates chemistry students’ perceptions of Interactive Learning Materials (ILMs) developed using a differentiated instruction approach. The research employed a mixed-methods design involving 62 undergraduate students in the Chemistry Education Program, Universitas Negeri Makasar, Indonesia, who completed a perception questionnaire and a validated online learning-style assessment. Descriptive analysis revealed that students’ overall perceptions of the ILMs were highly positive across six dimensions: preliminary experience, relevance, conceptual comprehension, differentiation, motivation, and effectiveness. In addition, a Kruskal–Wallis inferential test was conducted on a subset of 46 valid respondents to examine whether perception scores differed significantly across learning-style groups. The results indicated no statistically significant differences among the seven learning-style categories (H (6, 46) = 4.72, p = .58), suggesting that the ILMs were perceived positively and consistently across all groups. Qualitative responses further supported these findings, highlighting that kinesthetic learners valued interactive features but desired richer hands-on engagement. Overall, the study confirms that ILMs with differentiated pathways can effectively support diverse learners in mastering abstract chemistry concepts, while emphasizing the need for future development to integrate more kinesthetic and exploratory elements. Keywords: interactive learning materials, differentiated instruction, learning styles, chemistry education, student perceptions.
Copyright (c) 2025 Munawwarah https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Guided Discovery Learning Integrated with Numbered Heads Together: Effects on Mathematical Problem-Solving and Student Engagement
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Guided Discovery Learning (GDL) model integrated with the Numbered Heads Together (NHT) cooperative approach in improving students’ mathematical problem-solving ability and student engagement. Effectiveness in this research is operationally defined as a statistically and practically significant improvement in students’ scores and engagement compared to conventional learning. This research employed a quasi-experimental design with a nonequivalent control group. The participants were three intact eighth-grade classes at SMPN 1 Jetis Bantul, selected via cluster random sampling. Class VIII A was taught using GDL combined with NHT, class VIII D used GDL without group work, and class VIII B used conventional learning. Data were collected through a mathematical problem-solving test and a student engagement scale, both validated by experts and tested for reliability. Data analysis used One-Way ANOVA followed by a Tukey HSD post hoc test and Kruskal–Wallis to determine significant mean differences among the three groups, complemented by effect size interpretation to assess the magnitude of differences. The results revealed that the GDL with the NHT model was significantly more effective than conventional learning in improving students’ mathematical problem-solving ability (p < 0.05, Cohen’s d = 0.86). However, there was no statistically significant difference between the GDL+NHT and GDL-only groups, indicating that adding NHT did not confer a significant cognitive benefit beyond the GDL model alone. In contrast, the NHT component meaningfully enhanced students’ engagement, particularly in participatory aspects such as oral, visual, and motor engagement, compared to both the GDL-only and conventional groups. The GDL model, either with or without NHT, effectively enhances students’ mathematical problem-solving ability and student engagement compared to conventional instruction. Future studies are recommended to examine this integration in broader contexts and longer durations to explore its potential for sustainable classroom engagement. Keywords: effectiveness, problem-solving ability, student engagement, guided discovery learning model with numbered heads together, quasi-experimental design.
Copyright (c) 2025 Indriana Puspita Dewi, Nidya Ferry Wulandari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Fort Marlborough Ethnomathematics-Based Learning Handouts: Enhancing High School Students' Mathematical Literacy Skills
This study aims to develop a valid, practical, and effective learning handout based on the ethnomathematics of Fort Marlborough, Bengkulu, to enhance students' mathematical literacy. The research method used is research and development. The development model used is a formative evaluation with stages including self-evaluation, expert review, face-to-face sessions, small-group sessions, and field testing. This study involved test subjects of grade X high school students in Bengkulu City, Indonesia. The test subjects in this study were divided into several stages of the research. This study involved four experts (mathematics lecturers) from different universities. The one-to-one test stage involved six high school students (high, medium, and low abilities). The limited-scale test stage involved 24 grade X high school students, and the large-scale implementation with 43 subjects. Data collection techniques used were observation, questionnaires, and tests. Data analysis was carried out quantitatively and qualitatively. Quantitative and qualitative analyses examined the validity, practicality, and effectiveness of the mathematical literacy test. Analysis was also carried out descriptively on the results of suggestions from expert assessments of research products. The results of the study showed that: 1) the trigonometry learning handout based on the ethnomathematics of Fort Malborough Bengkulu that was developed meets the valid criteria based on the assessment of material, construction, and language by experts, with an average score of 0.63 (valid). 2) The trigonometry learning handout meets the practical criteria based on student assessment, with an average response score of 3.43 (very practical). The trigonometry learning handout has the potential to enhance high school students' mathematical literacy skills. In developing teaching materials using context, it is necessary to choose the proper context, and the illustration must be clear and easy to understand, in accordance with the material. Keywords: learning handout, ethnomathematics, Fort Marlborough, mathematical literacy skills.
Copyright (c) 2025 Edi Susanto, Mela Aziza, Fina Hiasa, Pratiwi Disha Stanggo https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mapping the Evolution of Students’ Submicroscopic Representations: A Correspondence Analysis of Solute–Solvent Interactions
Understanding the particulate nature of matter in solutions requires integrating macroscopic, submicroscopic, and symbolic representations, a domain in which students often encounter misconceptions. This study investigated high school students’ conceptions of solute-solvent particle behavior in sugar and sodium chloride (NaCl) solutions using student-generated drawings. A total of 253 students from Grades 10, 11, and 12 in Palangka Raya, Indonesia, participated in a descriptive-comparative cross-sectional study. The open-ended pictorial test was validated by experts (Aiken’s V = 0.91), demonstrated substantial inter-rater reliability (Cohen’s κ = 0.753 for SSR; κ = 0.779 for CIR; p < .001), providing strong evidence of construct validity. Students’ representations were categorized into two dimensions: (1) Spatial Structural Representations (SSR): Regular-Loose (Rel), Regular-Dense (Red), Random (Ran), and Invisible/Disappeared (Dis); and (2) Chemical Interaction Representations (CIR): Molecular (MOR), Partial Ionic (PIR), Scientific Ionic (SIR), and Complex Mixed Ionic (MIR). Chi-square analysis revealed a significant relationship between grade level and both representational dimensions (SSR: χ²(6) = 29.079, p < .001, Cramer's V = 0.24, inertia = 0.115; CIR: χ²(6) = 61.612, p < .001, Cramer’s V = 0.349, inertia = 0.244). Correspondence analysis further revealed a progressive conceptual shift: Grade 10 students predominantly depicted Regular-Loose (solid-like) structures, whereas Grade 12 students more frequently produced Random (scientific) representations. Similarly, development in CIR moved from molecular (MOR/PIR) to scientifically accurate ionic forms (SIR/MIR). These findings highlight the need for multi-representational, visually oriented instruction, such as animations, augmented-reality simulations, and drawing-based assessments, to support conceptual change and strengthen coherence across representation levels. Keywords: particulate nature of matter, solution chemistry, correspondence analysis, representational competence, conceptual change.
Copyright (c) 2025 Suandi Sidauruk https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Mapping the Layers of Understanding: An Analysis of Mathematical Comprehension in Literacy Questions using the Pirie-Kieren Theory
The Pirie-Kieren theory provides a dynamic framework that explains how mathematical understanding develops in layers, starting from initial introduction to reflection through eight layers of understanding. The eight layers of understanding are Primitive Knowing, Image Making, Image Having, Property Noticing, Formalizing, Observing, Structuring, and Inventising. This study aims to analyze students' mathematical understanding in solving literacy problems based on Pirie-Kieren's theory. This study is a qualitative descriptive study, involving 15 tenth-grade students at SMA Negeri 2 Kupang Barat, Indonesia. The research instruments used were literacy tests and interviews. In-depth interviews were conducted with student representatives who had reached each layer of understanding. Student representatives were selected based on purposive sampling. Data analysis in this study was carried out in four stages, namely data reduction, data presentation, conclusion drawing, and triangulation. The literacy test data were analyzed based on Pirie-Kieren's eight layers of understanding. The eight layers of understanding are. The results show that 73.33% of students reached the image having a layer of understanding, 13.33% reached the formalizing layer, 6.67% reached the image-making layer, and 6.67% reached only the primitive knowing layer. No students reached the observing, structuring, or inventing layers. The dominance of students in the image, having a level of understanding, shows that most students have only reached the initial stage. These results indicate that students' mathematical understanding of literacy questions remains at a basic level and has not developed into a reflective understanding. Keywords: mathematical literacy, literacy questions, mathematical understanding, Pirie Kieren theory.
Copyright (c) 2025 Irmina Veronika Uskono https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0
Bridging the Learning Gap: Implementing Teaching at the Right Level in Secondary School Mathematics
The study evaluates whether and to what extent the Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) intervention improves students’ learning in mathematics across cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. This study employed a pre-experimental one-group pre-test/post-test design, in which a single cohort of 35 Grade XI students at Senior High School I, Takalar, South Sulawesi, Indonesia, was assessed before and after the implementation of the TaRL approach. Data were gathered using pre- and post-tests to measure cognitive improvement. The cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains were assessed with structured observation sheets using a five-point Likert scale, which were then transformed to a 0-100 scale for clarity of interpretation. The result showed a significant increase in students’ cognitive achievement, with the pre-test and post-test means of 83.42 and 93.22, respectively. Although the initial score was relatively high due to students’ prior exposure to similar mathematical content, the statistical results confirmed a meaningful improvement beyond the baseline understanding. Observations of the affective domain revealed notable positive shifts; students demonstrated higher motivation, increased confidence in problem-solving, and more active participation during class activities, as reflected in an average converted score of 95.31. In the psychomotor domain, the mean score of 93.21 demonstrated students’ enhanced ability to apply mathematical concepts in practical contexts through active engagement. These findings suggest that the Teaching at the Right Level (TaRL) approach effectively enhances students’ learning outcomes within the studied context by promoting active, differentiated, and student-centered learning experiences. Since the study was conducted at a single institution with a small sample, additional research with larger populations and diverse educational contexts is necessary to substantiate and generalize these findings. Keywords: affective, cognitive, mathematics, psychomotor, teaching at the right level (TaRL).
Copyright (c) 2025 Vernita Sari https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0