Development of HOTS-Based Pocket Encyclopedia Books to Improve Science Literacy Culture in 21st-Century Learning

Siti Sangadah(1,Mail), Heri Maria Zulfiati(2), Ana Fitrotun Nisa(3), Akbar Al Masjid(4) | CountryCountry:


(1) Elementary Education Study Program, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
(2) Elementary Education Study Program, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
(3) Elementary Education Study Program, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia
(4) Elementary Education Study Program, Universitas Sarjanawiyata Tamansiswa, Indonesia

MailCorresponding Author

DOI 10.23960/jpmipa.v26i3.pp1527-1548
Metrics→
              
Indexing Site→


Download Full Text: PDF

Copyright (c) 2025 Siti Sangadah


The rapid development of information and communication technology has influenced the field of education, which can be utilized in the learning process. This study aims to test the feasibility and effectiveness of the development of HOTS-based pocket encyclopedia books in improving the culture of scientific literacy in 21st-century learning. This study is a research and development (R&D) with the Borg and Gall model. The subjects of this study consisted of 66 fifth-grade elementary school students in Klaten Regency, Central Java, who were selected using random sampling techniques. Data collection techniques through surveys, tests, and observations. Data was analyzed quantitatively by evaluating the category, and then analyzed qualitatively. The results of the study indicate that the development of HOTS-based pocket encyclopedia books is proven to be valid, feasible, and effective in improving the culture of scientific literacy in 21st-century learning. The non-parametric effectiveness test (Kruskal-Wallis test) shows a significance value of 0.445. This indicates that HOTS-based pocket encyclopedia books developed are effective in improving the culture of scientific literacy in 21st-century learning. The use of this learning media can be an innovative strategy in creating active, fun, and interesting learning.  

 

Keywords: pocket book, encyclopedia, high-order thinking skills, science literacy culture, science learning.

Abaniel, A. (2021). Enhanced conceptual understanding, 21st century skills, and learning attitudes through an open inquiry learning model in physics. Journal of Technology and Science Education, 11(1), 30–43. https://doi.org/10.3926/jotse.1004

Achmad, M., & Suhandi, A. (2017). Effect of levels of inquiry model of science teaching on scientific literacy domain attitudes. AIP Conference Proceedings, 1848(December 2019). https://doi.org/10.1063/1.4983960

Afifah, N. L., Murtono, S., & Ardianti, S. D. (2021). Development of pocket book based on science literacy. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1823(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1823/1/012075

Afriana, J., Permanasari, A., & Fitriani, A. (2016). Project-based learning integrated with STEM to enhance elementary school students' scientific literacy. Jurnal Pendidikan IPA Indonesia, 5(2), 261–267. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpii.v5i2.5493

Ahmad, S., Prahmana, R. C. I., Kenedi, A. K., Helsa, Y., Arianil, Y., & Zainil, M. (2018). The instruments of higher-order thinking skills. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 943(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/943/1/012053

Aithal, A., & Aithal, P. S. (2020). Development and validation of survey questionnaire and experimental data. International Journal of Management, Technology, and Social Sciences (IJMTS), 5(2), 233–251.

Akben, N. (2020). Effects of the problem-posing approach on students’ problem-solving skills and metacognitive awareness in science education. Res Sci Educ, 1143–1165. https://doi.org/10.1119/perc.2018.pr.chen

Al-Harthy, I. (2019). European Journal of Educational Research. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(4), 91–101.

Amutha. (2017). The role and impact of ict in improving the quality of. International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology, 6(3), 501–503.

Arianto, H., & Fauziyah, H. N. (2020). Students’ response to the implementation of case-based learning (CBL) Based HOTS in junior high school. INSECTA: Integrative Science Education and Teaching Activity Journal, 1(1), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.21154/insecta.v1i1.2058

Arikunto, S. (2014). Prosedur penelitian suatu pendekatan praktik (15th ed.). PT Rineka Cipta.

Awan, H. A. S. (2023). Role of classroom teachers in cultivating voluntary literacy habits among school-going children: an in-depth analysis. Journal of Childhood Literacy and Societal Issues, 2, 1–12.

Azhary, S. A., Supahar, S., Kuswanto, K., Ikhlas, M., & Devi, I. P. (2020). Relationship between behavior of learning and student achievement in physics subject. Jurnal Pendidikan Fisika Indonesia, 16(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.15294/jpfi.v16i1.23096

Babaci-Wilhite, Z. (2017). A rights-based approach to science literacy using local languages: Contextualising inquiry-based learning in Africa. International Review of Education, 63(3), 381–401. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11159-017-9644-3

Bellová, R., Melicherčíková, D., & Tomčík, P. (2018). Possible reasons for low scientific literacy of Slovak students in some natural science subjects. Research in Science and Technological Education, 36(2), 226–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/02635143.2017.1367656

Bera, S. (2015). Enhancing quality of teaching learning by using information and communication technology (ICT). Scholarly Research Journal, September 2020, 100–101. www.srjis.com

Borg & Gall. (2003). Education research. Allyn and Bacon.

Cabreros, B. S. (2023). 21st Century instructional leadership and strategic management of technical vocational education and training programs. Journal of Technical Education and Training, 15(2), 33–49. https://doi.org/10.30880/jtet.2023.15.02.004

Carrión-Martínez, J. J., Luque-de la Rosa, A., Fernández-Cerero, J., & Montenegro-Rueda, M. (2020). Information and communications technologies (icts) in education for sustainable development: a bibliographic review. Sustainability (Switzerland), 12(8), 1–22.

Chaiyama, N. (2018). The instructional design blended learning model by using active learning activities to develop learning skills in the 21st century for higher education students. ACM International Conference Proceeding Series, 5–9. https://doi.org/10.1145/3268808.3268816

Chan, C. K. Y., & Luk, L. Y. Y. (2022). A four-dimensional framework for teacher assessment literacy in holistic competencies. Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 47(5), 755–769. https://doi.org/10.1080/02602938.2021.1962806

Chusni, M. M., Saputro, S., & Rahardjo, S. B. (2020). Review of critical thinking skills in Indonesia: Preparation of the 21st-century learner. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(9), 1230–1235. https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.09.223

Coletta, V. P., & Steinert, J. J. (2020). Why normalized gain should continue to be used in analyzing preinstruction and postinstruction scores on concept inventories. Physical Review Physics Education Research, 16(1), 10108. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevPhysEducRes.16.010108

Coque, T. M., Cantón, R., Pérez-Cobas, A. E., Fernández-de-Bobadilla, M. D., & Baquero, F. (2023). Antimicrobial resistance in the global health network: known unknowns and challenges for efficient responses in the 21st century. Microorganisms, 11(4). https://doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms11041050

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2022). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches, 5th edition. Journal of Electronic Resources in Medical Libraries, 19(1–2), 54–55. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1080/15424065.2022.2046231

Damayanti, H., Sarwi, S., & Astuti, B. (2018). A study of students’ misconception on light material and how to reduce it using LKS-Assisted PBL at islamic junior high school (SMP IT) Bina Amal Semarang. Physics Communication, 2(2), 103–111. https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/pc/article/view/14392

Dwi Cahyani, W., Irawati, R., & Sunaengsih, C. (2024). Media cards line up to improve primary school students’ understanding of the concept of place value. Riemann: Research of Mathematics and Mathematics Education, 6(2), 177–187. https://journal.sanagustin.ac.id/index.php/reimann

Etikan, I. (2017). Sampling and sampling methods. Biometrics & Biostatistics International Journal, 5(6), 215–217. https://doi.org/10.15406/bbij.2017.05.00149

Falloon, G. (2020). From digital literacy to digital competence: the teacher digital competency (TDC) framework. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(5), 2449–2472. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09767-4

Faridah, L. A., Purnomo, T., & Ambarwati, R. (2014). Pengembangan ensiklopedia dan lks invertebrata laut untuk pembelajaran biologi. BioEdu, 3(3), 580–588.

Febriani, A., Santoso, S., Setiadi, G., & Pratama, H. (2022). Development of dramatic play book based on kudus local wisdom for children. ICCCM Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 1(1), 16–22. https://doi.org/10.53797/icccmjssh.v1i1.3.2022

Ganapathy, M. (2016). The effects of using multimodal approaches in meaning-making of 21st century literacy texts among esl students in a private school in Malaysia. Advances in Language and Literary Studies, 7(2). https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.alls.v.7n.2p.143

Georgiou, Y., & Kyza, E. A. (2023). Fostering chemistry students’ scientific literacy for responsible citizenship through socio-scientific inquiry-based learning (SSIBL). Sustainability (Switzerland), 15(8). https://doi.org/10.3390/su15086442

Goldman, S. R., Britt, M. A., Brown, W., Cribb, G., George, M. A., Greenleaf, C., Lee, C. D., & Shanahan, C. (2016). Disciplinary literacies and learning to read for understanding: a conceptual framework for disciplinary literacy. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2016.1168741

Gower, M. D., & Shanks, R. A. (2014). Research design-qualitative, quantitative, & mixed methods approaches. In 4th ed (p. 273). Sage Publication.

Hake, R. R. (1999). Analyzing Change/Gain Scores.

Hanif, M. (2020). The development and effectiveness of motion graphic animation videos to improve primary school students’ science learning outcomes. International Journal of Instruction, 13(4), 247–266. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2020.13416a

Hidrolaksmi, S., & Rosyidah, A. N. K. (2023). Pengembangan buku saku matematika berbasis mind mapping materi debit siswa. Journal of Classroom Action Research, 5(2), 243-248.

Hilton, J. (2016). Open educational resources and college textbook choices: a review of research on efficacy and perceptions. Educational Technology Research and Development, 64(4), 573–590. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-016-9434-9

Huda, I. A. (2020). Perkembangan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi (tik) terhadap kualitas pembelajaran di sekolah dasar. Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Konseling (JPDK), 2(1), 121–125. https://doi.org/10.31004/jpdk.v1i2.622

Ichsan, I. Z., Sigit, D. V., Miarsyah, M., Ali, A., Arif, W. P., & Prayitno, T. A. (2019). HOTS-AEP: Higher-order thinking skills from elementary to master students in environmental learning. European Journal of Educational Research, 8(4), 935–942. https://doi.org/10.12973/eu-jer.8.4.935

Indarta, Y., Jalinus, N., Abdullah, R., & Samala, A. D. (2021). 21st Century Skills : TVET dan tantangan abad 21. Edukatif : Jurnal Ilmu Pendidikan, 3(6), 4340–4348. https://doi.org/10.31004/edukatif.v3i6.1458

Istyadji, M., & Sauqina. (2023). Conception of scientific literacy in the development of scientific literacy assessment tools: a systematic theoretical review. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 20(2), 281–308. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2023.016

Kalyani, D., & Rajasekaran, K. (2024). Innovative teaching and learning. Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Development, 1(2), 134–143. https://doi.org/10.56916/jmrd.v1i2.885

Kaur, C., Singh, S., & Marappan, P. (2020). A review of research on the importance of higher order thinking skills (hots) in teaching english language. Journal of Critical Reviews, 7(08). https://doi.org/10.31838/jcr.07.08.161

Khumsamart, S., & Et, R. (2022). Innovative management strategies for the office of non-formal and informal education in the digital age. Journal of Management in Business, Healthcare, and Education (JMBHE), 1(2), 1–21. https://ssrn.com/abstract=4004307

Kienhues, D., Jucks, R., & Bromme, R. (2020). Sealing the gateways for post-truthism: Reestablishing the epistemic authority of science. Educational Psychologist, 55(3), 144–154. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2020.1784012

Kilag, O. K. T., Lisao, C. Y., Lastimoso, J. R., Villa, F. L. S., & Miñoza, C. A. G. (2024). Bildung-Oriented science education: A critical review of different visions of scientific literacy. International Multidisciplinary Journal of Research for Innovation, Sustainability, and Excellence, 1(2), 313–320. https://orcid.org/0009-0008-5074-3968

Kızılaslan, A. (2019). The development of science process skills in visually impaired students: Analysis of the activities. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 8(1), 90–96. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v8i1.17427

Kostiainen, E., Ukskoski, T., Ruohotie-Lyhty, M., Kauppinen, M., Kainulainen, J., & Mäkinen, T. (2018). Meaningful learning in teacher education. Teaching and Teacher Education, 71, 66–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2017.12.009

Kouser, S., & Majid, I. (2021). Technological tools for enhancing teaching and learning process. Towards Excellence, June, 366–373. https://doi.org/10.37867/te130133

Kumala, F. N., & Setiawan, D. A. (2019). Local wisdom-based e-encyclopedia as a science learning medium in elementary school. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1402(6). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1402/6/066061

Kumalasari, M. C., Waluyo, J., & Asyiah, I. N. (2022). The development of biology e-pocket book to improve senior high school students’ biology literacy ability. Eduvest-Journal of Universal Studies, 2(3), 470–474.

Kurucova, Z., Medová, J., & Tirpakova, A. (2018). The effect of different online education modes on the English language learning of media studies students. Cogent Education, 5(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2018.1523514

Liang, G., Fu, W., & Wang, K. (2019). Analysis of t-test misuses and SPSS operations in medical research papers. Burns and Trauma, 7, 3–7. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41038-019-0170-3

Liline, S., Tomhisa, A., Rumahlatu, D., & Sangur, K. (2024). The effect of the PJB-HOTS learning model on cognitive learning, analytical thinking skills, creative thinking skills, and metacognitive skills of biology education students. Journal of Turkish Science Education, 21(1), 175–195. https://doi.org/10.36681/tused.2024.010

Lofthus, L., & Silseth, K. (2019). Students choosing digital sources: Studying students’ information literacy in group work with tablets. E-Learning and Digital Media, 16(4), 284–300. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753019835882

Mangram, J., Haddix, M., Ochanji, M., & Masingila, J. (2015). Active learning strategies for complementing the lecture teaching methods in large classes in higher education. Journal of Instructional Research, 4(2015), 57–68. https://doi.org/10.9743/jir.2015.8

Matthew, U., Kazaure, J., & Okafor, N. (2018). Contemporary development in e-learning education, cloud computing technology & internet of things. EAI Endorsed Transactions on Cloud Systems, 7(20), 169173. https://doi.org/10.4108/eai.31-3-2021.169173

Meganingtyas, B. R., Winarni, R., & Murwaningsih, T. (2019). The effect of using course review, horay, and talking stick learning methods towards social science learning result reviewed from learning interest. International Journal of Educational Research Review, 4(2), 190–197. https://doi.org/10.24331/ijere.518053

Miller, H. L. (2016). The SAGE encyclopedia of theory in psychology. The SAGE Encyclopedia of Theory in Psychology, January 2016. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781483346274

Moser, A., & Korstjens, I. (2018). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 3: Sampling, data collection, and analysis. European Journal of General Practice, 24(1), 9–18. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375091

Mweshi, G. K., & Sakyi, K. (2020). Application of sampling methods for the research design. Archives of Business Research, 8(11), 180–193. https://doi.org/10.14738/abr.811.9042

Nasreen, S., Hasan, S., & Gull, R. (2024). Role of literacy & non-formal education in building a sustainable and peaceful society in Punjab, Pakistan. Research Journal of Social Sciences & Economics Review, 5(1), 16–24.

Niedoba, T., Surowiak, A., Hassanzadeh, A., & Khoshdast, H. (2023). Evaluation of the effects of coal jigging by means of kruskal–wallis and friedman tests. Energies, 16(4), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16041600

Ningsih, S. S., & Suhardi, A. (2021). Development of science-literacy-based pocket book on global warming materials for junior high school students. INSECTA: Integrative Science Education and Teaching Activity Journal, 2(2), 140–152. https://doi.org/10.21154/insecta.v2i2.3331

Njui, H. W. (2017). Issue 12 2017 education reforms towards 21st century skills: integrating character education in teacher education curriculum. European Journal of Education Studies, 3, 235. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1119107

Nurmala, R., Izzatin, M., & Mucti, A. (2019). Desain pengembangan buku saku digital matematika smp berbasis android sebagai media pembelajaran dalam meningkatkan minat belajar siswa. Edukasia, 6(2), 4–17. http://jurnal.borneo.ac.id/index.php/edukasia/index

Okoye, K., & Hosseini, S. (2024). Man whitney u test and kruskal–wallis h test statistics in R. R Programming. Springer. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-97-3385-9_11

Padmadewi, N. N., Artini, L., & Putu Kerti Nitiasih, P. (2018). Techniques for building character and literacy for 21st century education. Advances in Social Science, Education, and Humanities Research, 173(Icei, 2017), 250–253. https://doi.org/10.2991/icei-17.2018.65

Pandey, P., & Pandey, M. M. (2021). Research methodology tools and techniques. Bridge Center.

Poernomo, J. B., Fariyani, Q., & Lestari, W. (2021). Development of HOTS-Based instruments with a science literacy approach to measure students’ high-level thinking ability. Journal of Physics: Conference Series, 1779(1). https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1779/1/012060

Purba, A. (2024). Indonesian teaching materials in competency-based universities: text orientation; research and development at the university of jambi through the borg & gall model. Pakistan Journal of Life and Social Sciences (PJLSS), 22(2), 24355–24369. https://doi.org/10.57239/pjlss-2024-22.2.001739

Purwati, N., Zubaidah, S., Corebima, A. D., & Mahanal, S. (2018). Increasing islamic junior high school students' learning outcomes through the integration of science learning and islamic values. International Journal of Instruction, 11(4), 841–854. https://doi.org/10.12973/iji.2018.11453a

Ragab, A., Kaid, A., & Sayed, A. K. (2024). Enhancing higher order thinking skills ( hots ) in education : strategies and outcomes. TOFEDU: The Future of Education Journal, 3(5), 1488–1499.

Ratheeswari, K. (2018). Information communication technology in education. Proceedings of the Conference on “Recent Trend of Teaching Methods in Education, 3(1), S45–S47. https://doi.org/10.3126/gd.v8i1.57335

Ro, E. (2013). A case study of extensive reading with an unmotivated L2 reader. Reading in a Foreign Language, 25(2), 213–233. http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&profile=ehost&scope=site&authtype=crawler&jrnl=02642425&AN=91565521&h=wOKVRmKsRTqmMnH9h2QJdBRcwvOxKdaWjEnG3p%2Fq8ToxDFugewX%2Bg%2Frai6tPj5LO5V8cb5phqDFqh2czy9JEKg%3D%3D&crl=c

Roberts, D. (2019). Higher education lectures: From passive to active learning via imagery? Active Learning in Higher Education, 20(1), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787417731198

Sakinah, N. H., Yuliati, L., & Utama, C. (2023). Development of mind mapping-based pocket book learning media to improve student learning outcomes. Madrasah: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Dasar, 16(1), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.18860/mad.v16i1.22429

Selkrig, M., & Keamy, R. (2017). Creative pedagogy: a case for teachers’ creative learning being at the centre. Teaching Education, 28(3), 317–332. https://doi.org/10.1080/10476210.2017.1296829

Shaffer, J. F., Ferguson, J., & Denaro, K. (2019). Use of the test of scientific literacy skills reveals that fundamental literacy is an important contributor to scientific literacy. CBE Life Sciences Education, 18(3). https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.18-12-0238

Sinaga, M. S., & Rakhmawati, F. (2022). Desain buku saku matematika berbasis hots kelas x sebagai media pembelajaran. Jurnal Cendekia : Jurnal Pendidikan Matematika, 6(2), 1301–1314. https://doi.org/10.31004/cendekia.v6i2.1361

Singh, B. (2019). Character education in the 21st century. Journal of Social Studies (JSS), 15(1), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.21831/jss.v15i1.25226

Siregar, D. A., Suhardi, E., & Munandar, R. R. (2022). Development of electronic pocket books for immune system material to increase students’ learning motivation. Journal Of Biology Education Research (JBER), 3(2), 72–81. https://doi.org/10.55215/jber.v3i2.6007

Spires, H. A., Kerkhoff, S. N., Graham, A. C. K., Thompson, I., & Lee, J. K. (2018). Operationalizing and validating disciplinary literacy in secondary education. Reading and Writing, 31(6), 1401–1434. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-018-9839-4

Stein, D. J., Shoptaw, S. J., Vigo, D. V., Lund, C., Cuijpers, P., Bantjes, J., Sartorius, N., & Maj, M. (2022). Psychiatric diagnosis and treatment in the 21st century: paradigm shifts versus incremental integration. World Psychiatry, 21(3), 393–414. https://doi.org/10.1002/wps.20998

Sugiyono. (2021). Metode penelitian pendidikan pendekatan kuantitatif, kualitatif, dan R&D. Alfabeta.

Taherdoost, H., & Hamta, G. (2017). Validity and reliability of the research instrument ; how to test the validation of a questionnaire / survey in a Researchfile:///C:/Users/admin/Desktop/RISACHI REPORT 2021/reference B/2190-8050-1-PB-1 SOCIO.pdf. International Journal of Sport, Exercise & Training Sciences, 5(3), 27–36. https://hal.science/hal-02546799/document

Twiningsih, A., Gunarhadi, G., & Musadad, A. A. (2024). Analysis of the Needs for the Development of Gamification-Based Mobile Learning Media (Issue Icliqe 2023). Atlantis Press SARL. https://doi.org/10.2991/978-2-38476-301-6

Twiningsih, A., Sajidan, S., & Riyadi, R. (2019). The effectiveness of a problem-based thematic learning module to improve primary school students’ critical thinking skills. Jurnal Pendidikan Biologi Indonesia, 5(1), 117–126. https://doi.org/10.22219/jpbi.v5i1.7539

Twiningsih, A. T. (2022). Desain pengembangan inovasi pendidikan dalam peningkatan daya saing sekolah melalui lima prinsip teknologi pendidikan. Edudikara: Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran, 6(4), 272–277. https://doi.org/10.32585/edudikara.v6i4.261

Uğur, N. G., & Koç, T. (2019). Leading and teaching with technology: school principals’ perspective. International Journal of Educational Leadership and Management, 7(1), 42. https://doi.org/10.17583/ijelm.2019.3758

United Nations Educational. (2017). Fostering a culture of reading and writing: Examples of dynamic literate environments: Selected case studies. https://unesdoc.unesco.org/ark:/48223/pf0000257933

Vieira, R. M., & Tenreiro-Vieira, C. (2016). Fostering scientific literacy and critical thinking in elementary science education. International Journal of Science and Mathematics Education, 14(4), 659–680. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10763-014-9605-2

Wang, Y., Lavonen, J., & Tirri, K. (2019). An assessment of how scientific literacy-related aims are actualised in the National Primary Science curricula in China and Finland. International Journal of Science Education, 41(11), 1435–1456. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2019.1612120

Wilhelm, J. D. (2016). Recognising the power of pleasure: What engaged adolescent readers get from their free-choice reading, and how teachers can leverage this for all. Australian Journal of Language and Literacy, 39(1), 30–41. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03651904

Wullur, M. M., & Werang, B. R. (2020). Emotional exhaustion and organizational commitment: Primary school teachers’ perspective. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 9(4), 912–919. https://doi.org/10.11591/ijere.v9i4.20727

Yao, J. X., & Guo, Y. Y. (2018). Core competences and scientific literacy: the recent reform of the school science curriculum in China. International Journal of Science Education, 40(15), 1913–1933. https://doi.org/10.1080/09500693.2018.1514544

Zafar, S. M. T. (2019). Role of information communication technology (ICT) in education and its relative impact. International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT), 7(4), 1–10. www.ijert.org

Zahroh, S. (2020). Integrating higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) to increase students’ productive skills. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity, 2016, 1–12.


Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.